![]() ![]() It was a period before the presumption that the state was obligated to protect the public’s welfare. These perilous conditions not only existed in workplaces, but also in neighborhoods, which were also sites of financial extraction: deadly conditions in tenements and other makeshift dwellings used by the urban poor posed a constant threat. The reckless and unrestrained pursuit of profit created brutal working conditions and invited premature death among those who labored for a living. The anticipation of possibility created within this unfolding social transformation was tempered by the unbridled greed and brutality of “robber barons” that underwrote the economic largesse of this new era of capitalist expansion. The processes of industrialization and the mass migration of people from agrarian spaces into combustible cities signified the emergence of epochal change. ![]() THE CRISSCROSSING CURRENTS unleashed by the Gilded Age and the Progressive Era created the modern United States. ![]()
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